Post-blogging the Sudeten crisis

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TERMS OF CZECH OFFER / Nine Points Conceding Most Sudeten Demands / EXTENSIVE SELF-GOVERNMENT / Proposals Would be Put in Force as Soon as Possible / Manchester Guardian, 7 September 1938, p. 9

At last, after all the endless reports of meetings to seemingly no end: actual details! As the above -- from the Manchester Guardian (p. 9) -- shows, the Czech autonomy proposals (first reported yesterday) were pretty generous. The Sudetens (and presumably other minorities) would get self-government, language equality, their own civil servants and police. I'm not sure what the 'Protection for citizens against denationalization' means -- more likely something about the right to a passport than maintaining state ownership of industry!

The proposals also include 'Guarantees for the integrity of the frontier and the unity of the State', which seems reasonable enough. But a (later to become infamous) leading article in The Times suggests an alternative (p. 13):

In that case it might be worth while for the Czechoslovak Government to consider whether they should exclude altogether the project, which has found favour in some quarters, of making Czechoslovakia a more homogeneous State by the secession of that fringe of alien populations who are contiguous to the nation with which they are united by race. In any case the wishes of the population concerned would seem to be a decisively important element in any solution that can hope to be regarded as permanent, and the advantages to Czechoslovakia of becoming a homogeneous State might conceivably outweigh the obvious disadvantages of losing the Sudeten German districts of the borderland.

There it is: the first time (at least in my sources) that the idea of the annexation of the Sudetenland by Germany -- the solution eventually adopted at Munich -- was raised in the British press. The Times was often thought, somewhat unfairly, to be especially close to the British government, so a suggestion like this will make people sit up and take notice.
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CZECHS MAKE 'FINAL' CONCESSIONS / Decision at Midnight / FRANCE RECALLS RESERVISTS / Daily Mail, 6 September 1938, p. 9

Apologies for the fairly ordinary quality of the above (it's a scan of a photocopy of a microfilm of the original ...) but it illustrates a problem with relying on headlines for information, as I'm sure some people did back then as they do today. It's from the Daily Mail, p. 9, and you can immediately see the difference in style to the other papers I've been using: the headlines are bigger, bolder, more 'modern'. They are also a bit alarming. Final concessions ... decision at midnight ... France recalls reservists! But while the concessions are 'believed to represent the final limit of concessions the Czechs intend to make, regardless of any pressure which may be put upon them from any quarter', they are also described by Ralph Izzard (the Daily Mail was also up-to-date in giving its reporters their own byline, instead of, e.g., 'our correspondent') as 'very generous [...] almost complete acceptance, as a basis for negotiation, of Herr Henlein's eight Carlsbad demands'. The decision at midnight is just when the Czech leaders ended their meeting, not a deadline for acceptance of an ultimatum. So that seems positive enough, although it would seem that events are moving towards a conclusion, whatever that will be.

I seem to have misplaced my hardcopy, so I don't have the text for the French reservists to hand, but an article in the The Times says (p. 12) that, as a precaution, the French Council of Ministers has recalled some reservists (not whole classes: it's not a full mobilisation) in order to bring the Maginot Line up to strength, especially its technical units. Also, all leave has been cancelled. This is a reaction to the German maneuvers on the other side of the border, as well as to the general international situation, though as to that, the official French communique, ‘the general situation seems to be moving towards an appreciable détente’.

The Manchester Guardian's diplomatic correspondent reports (p. 9) from London that:

The crisis, according to the view taken here, would seem to be approaching its most critical stage. There is reason to believe that Hitler has not yet decided between peace and war. The military precautions taken by France are regarded with full approval.

The attitude of Italy is unknown. The recent imposition of anti-Semitic measures may be designed to impress Arab opinion, but it could also be that they designed to impress German opinion. Mussolini is reported to be looking upon Tunis (a French city) as ‘a sort of African "Sudetenland"’, since there are many Italians living there. So Britain is taking 'certain precautions in the Mediterranean'.

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UNCERTAINTY IN PRAGUE / MANY MEETINGS / THE BERCHTESGADEN DECISIONS / BRITISH MISSION INFORMED / THE SHADOW OF NUREMBERG / The Times, 5 September 1938, p. 12

So, we're into the second week of the crisis (or rather, the second week for which I have newspaper sources), and as these headlines from The Times indicate (p. 12), the public still doesn't have much idea as to what's going on. Just that there have been lots of meetings over the weekend. The leading article gives a good summary (p. 13):

NEGOTIATIONS CONTINUE

Discussion of the Czech-German problem in Bohemia has been actively continued during the week-end. LORD RUNCIMAN had a meeting with PRESIDENT BENESH on Saturday, and yesterday MR. ASHTON-GWATKIN conferred with HERR HENLEIN at his home near the German frontier. DR. KUNDT and HERR SEBEKOWSKY, the two other Sudeten leaders, had a four-hour talk with PRESIDENT BENESH on Friday and DR. KUNDT saw DR. HODZA, the Prime Minister, on Saturday.

But, after all that, no news, just more speculation. The leading article in the Manchester Guardian cautions (p. 8) against an optimistic reading of Friday's meeting between Hitler and Henlein, upon the (still unknown) outcome of which so much depends:
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HITLER AND HENLEIN / 'IDENTITY OF VIEWS' / LOOKING TO LORD RUNCIMAN / GAP NARROWED / The Times, 3 September 1938, p. 10

More good news, or at least that's how it is presented. The dailies today all have pretty similar headlines to those from The Times, above (p. 10), but their stories differ in detail. Henlein has met with Hitler and it would seem that they agreed that the Sudetens should negotiate with the Czechs on the basis of Henlein's previously-announced demands, but without either accepting or rejecting the Czech autonomy plan. The Manchester Guardian thinks (p. 11) that Henlein is to present specific counter-proposals, and the Daily Mail says (p. 9) that Henlein has already done so in a meeting with Beneš. No details are given of these counter-proposals, but all three seem to agree that Henlein and Hitler are genuinely interested in reaching a compromise with Beneš. Such faith seems touchingly naive today, with the benefit of hindsight. Here's another example, from The Times:
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HENLEIN SEES HITLER / CZECH PROPOSAL DISCUSSED / LORD RUNCIMAN'S PART / A CRUCIAL DAY / The Times, 2 September 1938, p. 12

As these headlines from The Times (p. 12) report, it's 'a crucial day', because Henlein is meeting with Hitler at Berchtesgaden to discuss the Czechoslovakian autonomy proposals; and everyone assumes that Hitler will have final say over whether the Sudetens will accept or reject them, as noted in the Manchester Guardian yesterday. Otherwise, there's not much to report. As The Times says of the Runciman mission's activities yesterday, 'It was a time to wait and a time to keep silence -- until the German answer should be known.'

This being a Friday, there's a new issue of the weekly Spectator out. (Actually, I'm not sure that it was actually on the streets on Friday, but that's what's written on the masthead.) Its first leading article is devoted (p. 356) to the Sudeten crisis, and the first paragraph is not very reassuring:
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SUDETEN GERMANS CONSIDERING REPLY TO CZECHS / Party Executive to Meet To-day / LEADERS IMPRESSED BY NEW PLAN'S POSSIBILITIES / Restrained Optimism in Prague / Manchester Guardian, 1 September 1938, p. 9

Things seem to be looking up, judging from today's headlines in the Manchester Guardian (p. 9). The plan proposed by the Czechs yesterday is said to have 'impressed' the Sudetens. The plan itself is still a mystery to the public, but The Times has a few details (p. 12):

In many ways -- in particular in its proposal for self-administrative cantons -- it closely resembles the old Minorities Law of 1920, never brought fully into effect. However, a greater number of cantons (départements is probably an apter word) is now proposed. In 1920 there were to have been 52, of which only two would have been more than four-fifths German. Now the départements are to be smaller, in order that the line between Czech and German districts may be drawn more accurately and the German control may be wider.

No one dares hope too much yet of the German reply, but here is a sound basis of discussion could they accept it. Clearly the cantons would need much new administration, and German prefects and officials would naturally be chosen for the German districts. The Army and gendarmerie would remain under the Central Government, but education, social services, and a substantial measure of finance would be under the cantonal administration.

Will that be enough? On the same page, there's a summary of Henlein's demands, as outlined in his Carlsbad speech of 24 April:
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BRITAIN AND THE CZECHS / THE MEETING OF MINISTERS / FULL AGREEMENT / U.S. AMBASSADOR AT NO. 10 / The Times, 31 August 1938, p. 10

Not a lot of news today -- at least, not a lot of new news. As the above headlines from The Times, p. 10, show, the meetings which were announced on Monday and which took place on Tuesday have, er, taken place, but no public statements have been made about what transpired in them, other than that everyone concerned is agreed that Britain's policy should be remain unchanged. There's support too, from the Prime Minister of Australia, Joseph Lyons. The Canadian Minister of National Defence, Ian Mackenzie rather embarrassingly gushes that the British 'are sleepless sentinels on the frontiers of freedom [...] There is nothing more magnificent in history'.

The Sudeten crisis isn't the only thing going on in the world, of course, but it's very big. As the eye runs across the top of this page, five out of seven of the major headlines (other than than the ones shown above) relate to the crisis in some way:
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THE SUDETEN PROBLEM / A FRESH MOVE IN PRAGUE / BENESH-HENLEIN MEETING / LONDON ACTIVITY / MINISTERS CONFER TO-DAY / The Times, 30 August 1938, p. 10

There is some hopeful news today, resulting from the flurry of activity of yesterday. From The Times, p. 10:

It became known in London late last night that, as the result of Lord Runciman's intervention, Dr. Benesh, the President of the Czechoslovak Republic, will receive to-day Herr Henlein, the leader of the Sudeten Germans. It is likely that other Sudeten representatives will accompany Herr Henlein. The importance of the meeting is clear, and it may well decide whether or not the negotiations between the Czechoslovak Government and Herr Henlein's party are to be resumed and on what basis.

So here we meet Dr. Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia since 1935, a very well-known and sympathetic character in the West: he had represented his country at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and been its foreign minister for most of the period since then. How fruitful this meeting will be depends on the good faith of Beneš and Henlein as much as their respective positions. But the French press is reported to be 'more optimistic as to the prospect of an undisturbed autumn in consequence of this [British] activity'. The newspaper's special correspondent in Prague says that there are no jingoistic feelings among the Sudetens themselves, who know they would bear the brunt of any war. Prague itself is very calm.
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BRITISH MOVES IN THE CZECH CRISIS / Ministers to Meet To-morrow / BERLIN AMBASSADOR CALLED TO LONDON / Lord Runciman sees Henlein. Manchester Guardian, 29 August 1938, p. 9

The Sudeten crisis (or Czech crisis, or Czech-German crisis as it is called here) wasn't front-page news in the Manchester Guardian on 29 August -- it was on page 9. But that was actually where most newspapers put the most important news. Compared with those of today, British newspapers of the 1930s and before seem to be inside out. The first few pages would have classified ads, then there might be sport, then domestic news. Then, in the middle spread, easy to find when you open the paper, would be the index, leading articles (editorials) and other commentary on the left-hand side, and the major news of the day on the right. (This particular issue had 16 pages, so the leaders were on page 8 and the news on page 9.) Then, on following pages, there might be foreign news, business news, and letters to the editor on the last page. So the Sudeten crisis wasn't front-page news, it was middle-page news!

So, here we see that there is already fairly intense diplomatic activity going on. Neville Chamberlain, the Conservative prime minister (though leading a coalition National Government) is to meet with his ministers (those who were 'available': it was the end of summer and Parliament was in recess, so not everyone was around. Chamberlain himself had just returned from Hampshire). The ambassador to Germany, Sir Nevile Henderson (a pro-German -- always what you want in an ambassador to Germany), has been recalled for discussions. And Konrad Henlein met with Lord Runciman on the weekend. Runciman was a former Liberal MP and minister who had been sent by Chamberlain (albeit in an unofficial capacity) to mediate between the Sudeten minority and the Czechoslovakian government after an earlier crisis. He was known to favour the Sudetens. Henlein was always described as the leader of the Sudeten Germans, but he was actually leader of the Sudeten German Party, which was not the same thing since the Sudetens did not have autonomy. Indeed, autonomy is ostensibly what Henlein was seeking on behalf of the Sudetens.
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Tomorrow I'm starting a bit of an experiment, an idea I had after doing a post on Human Smoke a few months back. We're coming up on the 70th anniversary of the Sudeten crisis, which, as I noted recently, was a crisis long before Munich had anything to do with it. Long before. The Munich Conference was on 29 September 1938, but the Sudeten issue was already prominent in British newspapers a full month earlier, and didn't start to fade until early October.

So, what I thought I'd do is put up a post every day showing how the crisis was unfolding in the press on the same date 70 years ago. Hopefully this will convey something of the steady rise -- and sharp decline -- of tension: from concern, to anxiety, to fear, to intense relief. I'll start with 29 August 1938 and go through to 8 October (six days out of every seven, at least -- I haven't looked at any Sunday papers), and will draw on The Times, the Manchester Guardian and the Daily Mail, as well as a couple of weeklies, the Spectator and the New Statesman. (George Orwell started keeping his diary in early August 1938, so I'll be keeping an eye out for his thoughts on the crisis too.) I'm not exactly sure how I'll write the posts, but they won't be very dense, at least at first: maybe just the headlines, to show what a not-particularly interested reader might pick up just by flicking the pages. We'll see how it evolves.

This means that my more usual fare will be thin on the ground for the next 5 or 6 weeks, so apologies to those wanting more aeroplanes and bombs!